eating and drinking with sunscreen applied on hands and lips, gastrointestinal or pulmonary exposure should also be considered. ĭermal exposure is the most relevant entry route of chemicals related to sunscreen use, however considering a common human behavior related to sunscreen application, e.g. For instance, a study in Australia showed 56% of people apply sunscreens at least 5 days per week, and 27% of people use it less frequently − 2 or fewer days per week and a study in Denmark showed 65% of the sunbathers used one or more sunscreens. Many factors might influence human exposure to UV filters: geographic location, season, lifestyle, gender or occupation, which means it can be highly individualized. Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol aĢ-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylateġ.1. Terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acidīis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine a International nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI)ĭisodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate Beyond its debatable efficiency, questions regarding the main ingredients of different sunscreens are being raised in recent years, mainly about the prevalence of these ingredients in the environment and about their potential toxicity. Sunscreens are usually comprised of more than one of these UV filters: organic, inorganic or a mixture of both types, which gives broad-spectrum of protection. octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3) or octocrylene ( Table 1), which absorb light in the UV range, and inorganic (physical) filters, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2), which scatter and reflect UV rays. Two kinds of UV filters are currently being used in sunscreens for minimization of these adverse effects: organic (chemical) filters, e.g. The detrimental effects of exposure to UVA and UVB rays, which can cross the epidermis, have been reviewed and it was concluded that such exposure leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA/protein/lipid damage, activation of various signal transduction pathways, compromised skin defense systems, altered growth, differentiation, senescence and tissue degradation, to name a few. One type − ultraviolet (UV) radiation − is composed of three wavelengths: UVA rays, which range at 320–400 nm and are not absorbed by the ozone layer, UVB rays, which range 290–320 nm and are partially absorbed by the ozone layer, and UVC rays, which are stopped by the ozone layer. There are several types of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Unfortunately, although global use of sunscreen is continuously on the rise, so is the prevalence of malignant melanoma − a cancer type which is mainly caused by sun exposure,. Sunscreen application is the main strategy used to prevent the maladies inflicted by the sun since the 1930s. Taken together, this review advocates revisiting the current safety and regulation of specific sunscreens and investing in alternative UV protection technologies. In this review, data regarding the neurotoxicity of several organic filters: octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3 and −4, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 3-benzylidene camphor and octocrylene, and two allowed inorganic filters: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, is presented and discussed. Reviews on the role of these agents in developmental and endocrine impairments (both pathology and related mechanisms) are based on both animal and human studies, yet information regarding the potential neurotoxicity of these agents is scant. Alongside the evidence for increasing levels of these agents in the environment, which leads to indirect exposure of wildlife and humans, recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Physical filters scatter and reflect UV rays and chemical filters absorb those rays. In the past century, a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed. Despite the continuously increasing frequency of sunscreen use worldwide, the prevalence of certain sun exposure-related pathologies, mainly malignant melanoma, is also on the rise. Sunscreen application is the main strategy used to prevent the maladies inflicted by ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
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